Topic: Aboriginal Siberia : a study in social anthropology _ Shamanism - 1914

[Prometheus]

344 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buckle, H. T. History of Civilization. London, 1857-6L

liuiyat. traditions of the, recorded by difterent collectors. East. Sib.

Sec. of the L Russian Geogr. Soc. Irkutsk, 1890.
Biischau, G. Studien und Forschungen zur Menschen- und Volkerkunde

unter G. Buschau. Stuttgart, 1907, &c.
von Buschen, M. Bevolkerung des Russisclicn Kaiserreichs. Gotlui,

1862.
Byhan, A. Die Polarvolker. Wissenschaft und Bildung, Bd. LXIII.

Leipzig, 1909.
Nord-Asien.

Castren, M. Alexander. Reiseerinnerungen aus den Jahren 1838-

44. Vol. I of Nordiscbe Reisen und Forschungen. Petersburg,

1853.
Vorsucli einer burjiltischen Spracblebre. Nordische Reisen und

Forschungen, Vol. X. Petersburg, 1857.
Chamberlain, Alex. F. Aleuts. Enc. of Rel. and Eth., J. Hastings.

Vol. L London, 1908.
Chamberlain, B. H. The Language, Mythology, and Geographical

NomenL'lature of Japan viewed in the light of Aino studies . . ,

London, 1895.
Chappe d'Auteroche, J. Voyage en Siberie fait en 1761, contenant

les mceurs, usages, etc. Paris, 1768.
Chylieskowski. Syberja pod wzglgzdem ctnograficznyui, adiuinis-

tracyjnym roluiczyni i pnemystowo-handlowym. Wloclawek, 1898.
Collins, P. McD. A Land Journey through Siberia. London, 1860.
Cook, James. Voyage to the Pacific 0. undertaken . . . for making

discoveries in the N. hemisphere. London, 1784.
Cotteau, E. A travers la Siberie. Paris, 1888.
N/Cottrell, C. H. Recollections of Siberia in 1840-41. London, 1852.

Dall, W. H. Alaska and its Resources. Boston, 1870.

? Tribes of the extreme North-west. Contributions to N. Amer. Eth-
nology, Vol. I. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky
Mountain Region. Washington, 1877.

Remains of later prehistoric man ... of the Aleutian Islands.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XXII. Washington,
1878.

On masks, tabrets, &c. Third Annual Report B. E. 1881-2.

Deniker. Les Ghiliaks (extr. from Rev. d'Ethnogr.). Paris, 1884.

* Turks ' and ' Tatars ' (Diet. Univ. de Geogr. of Vivien de St. Martin

and Rousselet. Paris, 1894.

Ditmar, C. von. Ueber die Koriiken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten
Ischuktschen. Acad. Scieut. Imp. Saint-Petersbourg, Beitriige zur
Kenntniss des Russischeu Reiches (1839-1900) 1856.

Dvmdas, L. J. L. (Earl of Ronaldshay). On the outskirts of Empire
in Asia. Edinburgh and London, 1904.

Ehrenberg, C. G. Reise nach dem Ural . . . ausgefiihrt von A. von
Humboldt, G. Ehrenberg und G. Rose. Berlin, 1837-42.



BIBLIOGRAPHY 345

Elliott, H. W. An Arctic Province. London, 1886.
^•Erman. Adolph. Travels in Siberia. London, 1848.

Erman, G. A. Positions geograpbiques de I'Oby depuis Tobolsk jusqu'ii

la nier glaciale. Berlin, 1831.
Reise um die Erde durch Nord-Asien und die beiden Oceane in

den Jiihren 1828-30. Berlin, 1838.

Fairand, L. Basketry designs of the Salish Indians. J. N. P. E.,
Vol. Y.

Traditions of the Chilcotin Indians. J. N. P. E., Vol. II.

Traditions of the Quinault Indians. J. N. P. E., Vol. II.

Finsch, O. Reise nach West-Sibirien ini Jahre 1876. Berlin, 1879.

Fischer, J. E. Sibirische Gesekichte von der Entdeckung Sibiriens
bis auf die Eroberung dieses Landes durch die russischen Wati'en.
Petersburg, 1768.
rti»-Fraser, J. F. The Real Siberia. London, 1902.

Gatschet. Klamath Indians of South-western Oregon. Washington,

1890.
Gennep, A. v. De I'emploi du mot ' chamanisme.' Rev. de FHistoire

des Rel., 1903.
Georgi, J. G. Bemerkungen eiuer Reise im Russischen Reich in den

Jahren 1773 und 1774. Petersburg, 1775.

^— Gex'rare, W. Greater Russia. London, 1903.

Gilder, W. H. Ice-Pack and Tundra. New York, 1883.

Gmelin, J. G. Reise durch Sibirieu, von deni Jahr 1733 bis 1743.

Gottingen, 17.51-2.
Golder, F. A. Aleutian Tales. J.A.F. L. 190-5.
Gowing, L. F. Five thousand miles in a Sledge. London, 1889.
de Guignes. Recherches sur la navigation des Chinois du cote de

I'Amerique et sur quelques peuples situes a I'extremite orientale de

I'Asie. Paris, 1761.

Harlez, Ch. de. La religion nationale des Tartares orientaux : mand-
chous et mongols, comparee a la religion des anciens Chinois.
Bruxelles, 1887.

Henry, V. Esquisse d'une grammaire raisonnee de la langue Aleoute

(translated from Veniaminoff's work). Paris, 1879.
Hiekisch, C. Die Tungusen, Petersburg, 1879.
——Hill, S. S. Travels in Siberia. London, 1854,

Hitchcock, Romsm. The Ainos of Yezo. Report of the U. S. National

Museum for 1890. Washington, 1892.
The ancient pit-dwellers of Yezo. Report of the U. S. National

Museum for 1^90. Washington, 1892.
— rHoflfman, W. Shamanistic Practices. Univers. Med. Mag. 1890.
Hoffman, W. J. The Graphic Art of the Eskimo. Report of the U. S.

National Museum, p. 764. Washington, 1897.

?—Howard, B. Douglas. Life with Trans-Siberian Savages. London,
1893.



346 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Humboldt, A. Im Ural und Altai. Briefweclisel zwischen A. von
Iliinilioklt unci Gnif S. von Cancrin aus den Jahron 1827-32.
Leipzig, 1869. (Kng. trans, by Macgillivray.)

Fragniente einer Geologie und Klimatologie Asiens. IJerlin, 1882.

Reise nacli dem Ural, dem Altai, und dem Kaspischen Meere . . ini

Jalire 1829 ausgefiihrt von A. von Humboldt. (J. Khrenberg und

li. Kose. Berlin, 1S37 92.
Jackson, F. G. Notes on the Sauioyailt^ of the Great Tundra, collected

from the journals of F. G. Jackson, F.R.G.S. . . . by A. Montefiore.

Journal of the Anthrop. lust. Vol. XXIV, Aug. 1894-May, 1895.

Jochelson, W. The Mythology of the Koryak. American Anthroi)olo-

gist, July-September, 1904.
. Kssay on the Grammar of the Yukaghir Language. Annals N. Y.

Ac. Sc. New York, 1905.

The Koryak. J. N. P. E., Vol. VI. New York, 1905-8.

? Kumiss Festi\als of the Yakut. Boas Anniversary Volume. New

York, 1906.
Past and present Subterranean Dwellings of the tribes of North-

Eastern Asia and North-western America. Int. Congr. Amer.

guebec, 1906.
The Yukaghir and the Vnkaghirizcd Tungus. J. N. P. E., Vol. IX.

New York, 1910.
Johnson, R. ' Certaine Notes unperfectly written l>y Richard Johnson '

in 1556. Hakluyt's Collection (a new ed.J. London, 1809.



Xaarle, Krohn. Birth : Finns and Lapps. Enc. Rel. and Eth, Vol. II.

London, 1910.
Karjdlainen, K. F. Zur ostjakischen Lautgeschichte. Memoires de la

Societe Finno-O.igrienne, XXII I. Helsingfors, 1905.

Kennan, G. Tent-life in Siberia and adventures among the Koriak and

other tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia. London, 1870.
^ Siberia. London and New York, 1891.

Kjellman, F. R, Om Tschuktschernas hushallviixter. Vega-expcditio-
nens vete.iskapliga iakttagelser, &c. Vol. I. 1882, &c.

Bidrag till kilnnedonien om Tschuktscherna. Vega-expeditionens

vetenskapliga iakttagelser, &c. Vol.11. 1882, &c.

Klapi^oth. Recherches sur le pays de Fousang, mentionne dans les

livres chiuois et pris mal-a-propos pour une partie de TAmerique.

1831.
Kleinschniidt, S. Grammatik der gronlandischcn Sprache mit theil-

weisem Einschluss der Labradorsprache. Berlin, 1851.
Klementz, D. Buriats. Enc. Rel. and Eth., Vol. III., J. Hastings.

London, 1910.
Koganei. Die Urbewohner Japans. Mitteilungen der deutschen Ge&ell-

schaft fiir Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens in Tokio. Band IX,

Teil 3. 1903.
Kohn, A., und Andree, R. Sibirien und das Amurgebiet, Bd. I u. H.

Leipzig, ls76.
Kotzebue, Otto. Entdeckungsreise in die vSiidsee und nach der

Beringstrasse. Weimar, 1821.



BIBLIOGRAPHY 347

Krause, A. Die BevulkciuiigsverlulUnisse der Tschuklsohcn Hiilbinsol.
Dout. geo-ji. Blatter, Vol. VI. Bremen, 1883.

und Aurel. Die wissenselniftliche Kxjiedition der Bremer geogra-

phisehen Gesellschatt nacli den Kiistengebieten an der Bering-
strasse. Deutsche geographische Blatter, Vol. I\, V. Bremen, 1881.

Die Expedition der Bremer geographiselien Gesellschaft nach

derTsehuktschen Halbinsel. Deutsche geogr. Blatter, Vol. V. Bremen,
188"J.

Kuznetrof. Age de la pierre au Japon. Plater, hist, homme, p. 31.
Toulouse-Paris, 1879,

Landor, A. H. Savage. Alone witli the Hairy Ainu. London, 1S'.j3.

Langsdorff. Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die AVult in uen Jalir.ii
1803-7. Frankfurt.

Lansiell, Dr. H. Through Central Asia. London, 1887.

' Through Siberia. London, 1882.

-Latham, R. G. Native Races of the Russian Empire. 1853, 1854.

Laufer, Berthold. The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes. Yesup U.
r. Ex., Vol. IV, part 1. New York, 1902.

Legras, Jules. En Siberie. Paris, 1889.

Leroy-Beaiilieu. LEmpire des Tsars. 1898.

Lesseps. Reise durch Kamtschatka und Sibirien. Berlin, ITUl.

Mainofif, V. N. Les Restes dc la mythologie mordviuc, lb>;9. Academy,
Helsingfors.

Marfin, F. R. Sibiriea. Stockholm (Gustav Ehelius), 1897.

Markham, R. On the Origin and Migrations of the Greenland Esqui-
maux. Journ. of the Royal Geograidiical Society, Vol. XXXV, p. 87.
London, 186.3.

Matthevsrs, W. Navaho Myths. Prayers, and Songs. Univ. of Califor-
nia, 1907.

Maydell, G. v. Reisen und Forschungen im jakutsklschen Gebiete
Ostsibiriens in den Jahren 1861-71. Petersburg, 1893, 1896.

Michie, H. The Siberian Overland Route. London, 1864.

Middendorfif, A. Th. Sibirische Reise. Petersburg, 1848-75.

Mueller, Friedrich. Allgemeine Ethnographie. Menna, 1873.

Grundriss der Spiachwissenschaft. Vienna, 1876-88.

Miiller, Rt. Hon. Fried "ieh Max. The Science of Language.
London, 1891.

Miiller, J. B. Leben und Gewohnheiten der Ostjacken. Berlin, 1720.

Miiller, T. Unter Tungusen und Jakuten. Leipzig, 1882 (F. A.

Brockhaus).
Munkacsi, B. Altere Berichte iiber das Heidenthum der Woguleu und

Ostjaken. Kel._ti Szemle, IH. Budapest, 1902.
Die Weltgottheittn dct wogulischen Mythologie. Keleti Szemle,

Vll-X. Budapest, 1906 9.
Gotzenbilder und Gotzengeister im Volksgiauben der Wogulen.

Ibid. VI. Bu lapest, 1006.
? Seelenglaube und Totenkult der Wogulen. Ibid. VI. Budapest,

19J5



348 BIBLIOGEAPHY

Murdoch, John. On the Siberian Oiigin of some customs of the
Western Eskimo. Anier. Anthropologist. Washington, 188S.

Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. General

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, lt>92.

Nelson, E. W. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1881).

Nordenskiold, Freiherr A. E. von. Die Uuisegelung Asieus und
E uropas auf der Fc'f/a. Leipzig, 1882.

The Voyage of the Veya round Asia and Europe (trans. A. Leslie).

London, 1886.

Nordquist, O. Tscbuktschisk ordiista. Vegaexpeditionens veteuskap-
liga iakttagelser, &c.. Vol. L Stockholm, 18S'2, &c.

Anteckningar och studier till Sibiriska Tshafskustens diiggdjurs-

fauna. Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga iakttagelser, &c. Vol. II.
Stockholm, 1882, &c.

Paasonen, H. Uber die tiukischen Lehnwcirter ini Ostjakischen. Fin-

nisch-ugrische Forschungen, II. Helsingfors, 1902.
Uber die urspriinglichen Seelenvorstellungen bei den finnisch-

ugrischen Volkern .... Journal de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne,

XXVI. Helsingfors, 1909.
Pallas, P. S. Reise durch verschiedene I'rovinzen des Russischen

Reichs, l-lll. Petersburg, 1771-6.
Sammlungen der histoiischen Naehrichten iiber die mongoliscben

Vcilkerschaften. 1787.

Travels through Siberia and Tartary. London, 1788.

Patkanoff, S. Die Irtysch-Ostjaken und ihre Volkspoesie. I. R. A. S.

Petersburg, 1897, 1900.
Depouillement des donnees sur la nationalite et classification des

peuples de I'Empire russe d'apres leur langue. Petersburg (Cent.

Stat. Com.), 1899.
Aper^u statistique et ethnogiaphique de la province de lAmour.

Petersburg, 1901.
Essai d'une statistique et d'une geographie des peuples paleo-asia-

tiques de la Siberie. Petersburg (Gen. Stat. Com.), 1903.
Pauly, Th. de. Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie.

Petersburg, 1862.
Perouse, J. F., Galaup de la (Count). A Voyage round the World in

1785-8, edited by M. C. A. Milet-Mureau. Translated from the

French. London, 1798.
Peti'oflf, J. Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of

Alaska. Report U. S. Census, 1880.
Pfizmaier, A. Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln (translated

from Veniaujinolf's work). Reprinted from the ' Sitzungsberichte

der phil.-hist. Klasse der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften.'

Vienna, 188-1.
» Pietrowski, K. My Escape from Siberia. London, 1863.
Pilling, J. C. Bibliography of the Eskimo Language. Bureau of Eth-
nology. Washington, 1887.
Pilsudzki, B. L'accuuchement, la grossesse et Tavortement chez les

indigenes de Tile Sakhaline. Bull, et Mem. de la Soc. dAnthr. de

Paris, 1909.



BTBLrOORAPIIY 849

Pilsudzki, B. Schwanfroischaft, Entbindutifif unci Feliloreburt boi den

Bowohnorn dor In?ol Sachalin — Giljaken und Ainu. Anthropos,

Bd. V, Heft 4. Vienna. 1910.

Trad wsrod Gilakow i Ainow. Liid. Lemberg, 1913.

Nii'dzwiedzic swi^to u Ainow. Sphinx. Warsaw.

Pinart, A. L. Les Aleoutis, leurs origines et leurs legendes. Actes de

la Soc. d'Ethnog. Paris, 1872-3.

La Caverne d'Aknaut, tie d'Ounga. Paris, 1875.

Preuss. T. Die Begriibnisarten der Amerikaner iind Nordostasiaten.

Kiinigsberg. 1S04 (Hartungsche Buchdiuekerei).
.Price, M. P. Siberia. London, 1912.

RadlofF, Vasily Vasil'evich. Das Schamanenthnm and sein Kultus.

Leipzig, 18S.J.
RadlofF, W. Aus Sibirien (Leipzig, 1884; l.Ausg.). Bd. lu. IF. 2. Ausg.

Leipzig. 1884 (T. D. Weigel).
Eeclus, E. Primitive Folk ; on ' The Western Innoits, especially the

Aleutians.' London, 1890.
Rink, H. The Eskimo Tribes, their distribution and character, especially

in regard to language. London, 18^7.
The Eskimo Tribes. Meddelelser om Gronland, Vol. XT, 1887,

pp. 4ff. Supplement Medd. om Groiil., pp. 19 ff.
Rose, G. Reise nach dem Ural . . . (ausgefiihrt von A. von Huml)oldt,

G. Ehrcnberg und G. Rose). Berlin, 1837-42.
Rose, Hermann. Meine Erlebnisse auf der preussischen Expedition

nach Ostasien in 1860-2. Kiel, 1895.

Sauer, Martin. An Account of a Geogr. P]xpedit:on to the Northern

part of Russia in 1785-94. London, 1802.
Scheube, B. Die Ainos. Yokohama, 1882.
Sehiefner, A. Das dreizehnmonatliche Jahr und dio Monatsnamen der

sibirischen Volker. Petersburg, 1857.
Schott, W. Wohin gehort das Wort Schamane ? 2nd book of Altai-

jische Studien, p. 138. Berlin, 1831.

Altajische Studien. Berlin, 1860.

Schrenck, A. Q. Reise nach dem Nordosten des europjiischen Russ-

lands, durch die Tundren dtn-Samojedenzum arktischen Uralgebirge,

etc. Dorpat, 1848-54.
Schrenck. Leopold von. Reisen und Forschuncren im Amur-Lande in

den Jahren 1851 6. 4 Bdc. Petersburg, 18.58-1900.

Die Volker des Amurlandes. Petersburg, 1891.

Schwarz, Bernhard. Quer durch Sibirien. Bamberg, 1898.

Seebohm, H. The Birds of Siberia. London, 1901.

Shimkevich, N. M. Zur Pantopoden-Fauna des sibirischen Eismeeres.

Mem. Imp. Acad. Sci. Saint Petersburg, 8th series, 1895, &c. Peters-

1 urg. 1907.

Siebold, H. von. Ueber die Aino.

Sieroszewski. W. L. 12 hit vv kraju Jakutow (12 years in the land of

the Yakut). Warsaw, 1900.
Du chamanisme. Rev. de I'Hist. des Rel. Paris, 1902.



050 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smith, H. I. The Archaeology of Lytton, B.C. J. N. P. E. Vol. III.

Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. J. N. P. E. Vol. VI.

Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. J. N. P. E. Vol. II.

Shell-heaps of the Lower Frazer River. J. N. P. E. Vol. IV.

Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. J. N. P. E.

Vol. VI.

Sommier, St. An Estate in Siberia. Florence, 1885.

Staat. Das Allerneuste von Sibirien. Niirnberg, 1720.

Stadling, J. Shamanismen i Norra Asien. Stockholm, 1912.

Shamanism. Contemp. Rev., 1901.

Stein, V. J. Die Tschuktschen am Ufer des Eismeeres. St. Petersb.
geogr. Mitt, pp. 41-5, 18S1.

Steller, G. W. Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka. Peters-
burg, 1774.

Reise von Kamtschatka nach Amerika mit dem Kom. Bering.

Petersburg, 1703.

Sternberg, L. The Orochi. Vladivostok, 1896.

The Tribes of the Amur River. Yesup North Pacific Expedition,

1900, &c. Vol. IV. New York.

The Cult of Inau. Boas anniversarj^ volume.

The Turano-Ganowanian System and the Nations of N.E. Asia.

Memoirs of the Congress of Americanists, 1912.

Stoddard, C, A. Across Russia. London, 1891.

Stoll, Otto. Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Volkerpsychologic.
Leipzig, 1906,

Strahlenberg. Der nordostliche Theil von Europa und Asien. Stock-
holm, 1730.

Swanton, J. K. Haida Texts. J. N.P. E. Vol. X.

The Haida of Q. Charlotte Is. J. N. P. E. Vol. V.

Szinnyei, J. Finnisch-ugrische Spracliwissenschaft, 1910.

Talko-Hryncewicz. Memoirs of the Congress of Scientists and Physi-
cians. Cracow, 1911.

Teit, J. The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. J. N. P. E.
Vol. IV.

The Lillooet Indians. J. N. P. E. Vol. V.

The Shuswap. J. N. P. E. Vol. VII.

Teumin, S. Topographisch-anthropometrische Untersuchungen iiber
die Proportionsverhiiltnisse des weiblichen Korpers. Zurich, 1901.

Thalbitzer, W. A Phonetical Study of the Eskimo Language based
on Observations made on a Journey in North Greenland, 1900-1.
Copenhagen, 1904.

Trevor-Battye, A. Icebound on Kolguev.
A Northern Highway of the Czar.

-Wallace, Sir D. Mackenzie. Russia. London, 1905.

Wasiljev, J. Ubersicbt iiber die heidnischen Gebrtiuche, Aberglaubcn,
und Religion der Wotjaken. Memoiresde la Societe Finno-Ougrienne,
XVIII. Helsingfors, 1902.



BIBLIOGRAPHY 351

Whitney, W. D. -Max Miiller and the Science of Langua<,'0. New-
York, 1S92.

Wichmann, Yrjo. Die tschuwassischen Lehnwcirter in den peimischen
Spiachen. Memoires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne, XXI. Helsing-
fois, 19u3.

Tietoja votjaakien mytologiiasta, Suomi, III. Helsinki, 1893.

Wotjakische Sprachproben, I-II. Journal de la Societe Finno-
Ougrienne. XI, XIX. Helsingfors, 1901.

Wiedemann, F. Ciassifik. der Bevolkerung des Russ. Reiches nach den
Sprachen. St. I'etersburger Kalender fiir das Jahr 1860 (pp. 62-336).

Windt, H. de. Siberia as it is. London, 1892.

Wrangell, F. v. Von dem Verkebr der Volker der Nord-West-Kiiste
von Amerika untereinander und niit Tschuktschen. Beitriige zur
Kenntniss des Rus.siscben Reicbes und der angrilnzenden Lander
Asiens, Vols. LVII LXV. Petersburg, 1839.



GLOSSAEY

A.

abagaldey (Bur.), the shamt^n's mask of wood, skin, and metal,
abagay (Alt.), uncle (paternal), said of clansmen older than the speaker,

and related to him throii<^h his father,
abassy pi. abassylar (Yak.), a 'dark' or evil spirit; abassy-oiuna,

shamans with malevolent familiar spirits; abassy-ysyakh, the

autumn festival dedicted to the black-spirits, held at night, and

conducted by nine shamans, and nine shamanesses.
aba-tyus (Alt.), 'wear's tooth'; part of the ornamentation on the sha-
man's drum, above the circumferential dividing liriC.
abionesh(Alt.), ' old woman ', grandmother, applied to clanswomen much

older than the speaker.
achim (Alt.*, nephew (paternal); applied to clansmen younger than the

speaker related to him through his father.
acicenaqu (Kor.), ' big grandfather ', a name for Big Raven, the organizer

of the universe.
ada or anakbay (Bur.), one-eyed evil spirits, especially harmful to young

[Prometheus]

children.
adilparmint (Esk.), the cold, dark, underground abode of the dead,
aga (Yak.), 'older', the term applied to one's father,
aga-usa (Yak.), 'father-clan', clan.
ag-prenya (Bur.), an ongon of horse-skin made for the protection of

young children.
ahmalk (Gil.), 'father-in-law clan', giving wives to a corresponding

son in-law clan.
aibi (Kor.), an ancestor reincarnated in one of his descendants.
ail-buzar (Alt.), ' destroying the house ', part of the marriage cei'emony

among the Teleut, in which one of the bride's male relatives tears

away a portion of the wall of the bridegroom's yurta, being

mounted and simulating an attempt to escape from the occupants,
aimak (Y^ak.*, older name for a nasleg.
aiy (Y^ak.), 'white ' or good spirits ; aiy-oiuna, shamans who serve these ;

aiy-udagana, ' white ' shamanesses ; aiy-ysyakb, the spring festival

dedicated to the 'white ' spirits.
ak-baga and kara-baga (Alt.), 'white' and 'black frog', servants of the

high god Ulu-khan — part of the ornamentation on the shaman's

drum below the circumferential dividing line.
akha (Bur.), 'taboo', said of a grove of birches containing the ashes of

deceased shamans.
alaranto virgin (Chuk.). 'a journey out of loneliness', ceremonial visit

paid by a bride to her parents a short time after her marriage.
Alash (Kirg.), watchword of the Kirgis of the Great, Middling, and

Little Oi'das, from the name of the mythical tribal ancestor.
Alcheringa (Aruuta), the age of myth,
algysh-sez (Alt.), 'blessing the bride' before she leaves her parents'

house.
alkha (Bur.), a monster without trunk or limbs.



GLOSSARY 353

amagyat (Yak.\ ancestral spirit associated with shamanistic power;
invisible, impersonal power communicated by old shamans to young ;
figure on a shaman's coat symbolic of these.

amban (Uriank.), chief ogiirta.

amin (Bur.), lower soul, breath — one of the three parts of man.

amulin (Chuk.), ' weakling', a slave ; ciq-amulin, ' very weak one '.

amiirakh (omurax, meriak) (Yak.), a nervous affection characterized
by the patient's imitating involuntarily movements and sounds
Avithin his sight or heai-ing (amirak, 'sensitive'; amyrakh,
'compliant ' ).

anan-loho-lercte (Yak.), 'mouth-opener', gifts brought by the match-
maker to a prospective father-in-law.

anapel (Kor.l, ' little grandmother ', a divining stone used to determine
what ancestor's name is to be given to a child.

angey (Gil.), ' wife '— classificatory term.

anna ( Yak. ), a bride's dowry ; anna tangaha, her clothes ; anna siekhi,
the cattle she takes to her husband.

anqaken-etinvilan (Kor.), 'Master of the Sea', a supernatural being
vaguely associated with the sea. anqa, sea.

anqa-vairgit (Chuk.), supernatural 'beings of the sea', anqa, sea.

apapel (Ivor. I, spirit-protectors of hunters and travellers, apa, ' father',
' grandfather '.

aptah-kisi (Yak.), ' sorcerers.'

aranga (Bur.), a platform on which the corpse of a shaman is exposed.

arangka ( Yak. i, a platform on whicli a corpse, especially that of a sha-
man, was formerly exposed.

arbu (Bur. I, a cart.

armaci-ralin (Maritime Chuk.), 'the one of the house of the strongest',
the most influential man in a village.

armaci-ran (Mar. Chuk.), ' house of the strongest ' in a village.

aru-neme lak-neme) (Alt.), good spirits; kara-neme, evil spirits.

attooralin or aunralin (Chuk.), 'the one in the chief or ' front house',
the master of a reindeer Chukchee camp.

attooran (Chuk.), 'front house ', chief house.

attwat-yirin (Chuk.), 'boatful', boat's crew,

attw-ermecin (Chuk.), 'boat master', helmsman and owner of a boat.

aunralit (Chuk.), 'masters' or spirits animating forests, rivers, lakes,
animals.

ayabol (Yuk.), name for an unmarried woman with several lovers.

ayellakh (Yak,), ' reconciled ', 'peaceful ' — an alliance of clans.

B,

bai-kazyn (Alt.), 'rich birch', part of the ornamentation on the sha-
man's drum below the circumferential dividing line.

baksa, basky ( Kirg.), shaman.

balyk-timir (Yak.), 'fish ', a symbolic figure on the shaman's coat in the
shape of a fish. It trails behind on the ground as a bait for spirits,
being fastened to the coat by a long leather strap,

balys (Yak.), younger,

bar I Alt.), the handle of the shaman's drum. It has the form of a human
figure.

barky (Alt.), a gift which a boy receives at the age of seven from his
maternal uncle.

bash-tutkan-kiski (Alt •, 'holder of the head' of the sacrificial horse at
the sacrifice to Bai-Yulgen.

bashtut-khan (Alt.), family deity of the yurta.



354 GLOSSARY

batyr (Yak.), a warrior.

bayga (Alt.), five feasts held in connexion with a marriage.

billiryk (Yak.), a seat for honoured guests at the right side of the yurta ;

'left' billiryk, seat and sleeping place for women,
bis-usa-toyou (Yak.), chief of a clan.
bo (Bur.), a shaman. Bogi-narhan, 'the birch of a shaman', in the

trunk of which the ashes of a dead shaman are deposited.
bokholdoy (Bur.), the form in which amin, the lower soul, continues to

live on earth.
bol (Gil.), a class of good spirits.
bomo (Bur.), the spirit-' owner ' of sibirskaya yazva.
buge (Mong.), a shaman,
bun (Tung.), the place of the dead.

biirgiine (Yak.), two disks on the shoulders of a shaman's coat,
bytyrys (Yak.), a long fringe of hollow copper balls (ehoran) attached

by leather straps to the lower edge of a shaman's coat.



carmoriel (Yuk.), a nervous affection like menerik.

ceneyine (Kor.), head-piece for the fire-drill.

charamni (Yak.), horses with richly decorated saddles. They bear
a bride's anna.

chayu (Alt.), spirits or spiritual power possessed by a shaman.

chekhn-kun-inau (Gil.), an inau or fetish placed upon a tree while it is
being cut down to receive the spirit-' owner ' of the tree.

chilliryt kyhan (Yak.), flat metal plates fastened to the back of a sha-
man's coat.

chitkur (Diurbiut), an evil spii-it harmful to young children.

chotunniU' (Yak.), having sexual intercourse with a woman, or making
her your hostess; formerly said of the custom of brothers having
such intercourse with their sister before she was given to a husband.

chshity-kyz (Alt.), ' seve-n maidens ' who bring seven diseases on men ;
part of the ornamentations on the shaman's drum below the circum-
ferential dividing line.

chshity-us (Alt.), spirits associated with seven nests and seven feathers ;
part of the ornamentation on the shaman's drum below the circum-
ferential dividing line.

chum, the tent-like dwelling in use among the Finnic and Samoyedic
tribes.

chyx'-ngykh (Gil.), a shed built near the place where a person has been
killed by a bear.

cln-yirin (Chuk.), 'collection of those who take part in blood-revenge',
a varat.

cireske maci (Ain.), 'the brought-up wife', a girl betrothed to a man
older than herself.

coro-mimebonpe (Yuk.), ' men of the clan ', the term for the system of
relationship; also coro-monulpe , 'relatives'.

cuboje-yono (Yuk.), 'heart-anger', blood-ievenge.

D.

dakhul (Bur.i, a malicious spirit — the soul of a deceased poor person,
dansari (Tung. I, a marriage ceremony,
darkhan, pi. darkhat (Bur.), a smith.

degnym (Alt. I, nephew (maternal), applied to clansmen younger than
the speaker related to him through his mother.



GLOSSARY 355

djakhter-em (Yak.). ' my woman', toim used in addressing one's wife.
djon (Yak.), old niinie for a larger social group,
donkiir (Uri.), the shaman's drum,
diigiir (Yak.), a stringed instrument used by shamans.
diingiir iMong. ), the shaman's drum.

dyrelacho xiri (Tung.), ' first meeting of the two ', i. e. of the bride and
bridegroom at the dansari.

E.

edem (Alt.), an elder sister.

eezi (Alt. I, 'owner' spirits of the sun, moon, mountains, rivers, forests.

elhogicnin (Kor.), 'wolf-stick-festival', the wolf-festival of the Maritime
Koryak.

elomen (Yuk.), madness.

emjepul (Yuk.), classificatory term including brothers, sisters, cousins
(male iind female) of the father and mother.

enen (Cbuk.), shamanistic spirit; enenilit, 'those with spirit' — pro-
fessional shamans.

Ennanenak or Nenenqal (Kor.), 'on the opposite side', the abode of
the dead.

ennen-mulilit (Chuk.), 'those of the same blood', i.e. of the blood used
for sacrificial anointment-paternal relatives.

erim (Yak.), ' my man ', referring to a husband,

erke (Chern Tart.), family deity of the yurta.

Erlen-Tama iBur. ). the smaller of two dungeons to which souls are
consigned after death.

ermecin (Chuk.), 'strong man'— a hero in the old Chukchee legends;
nowadays (especially among Maritime Chukchee), the most influen-
tial man in the community on account of his physical prowess.

Etin (Kor.), ' master', a name for the Supreme Being.

etinvit (Chuk.), 'owners', or spirits animating forests, rivers, lakes,
animals.

Etugen (Mong,), the earth-goddess.

ewganva-tirgin (Chuk.), 'producing of incantations', an incantation-
shaman.

eyet (Kor.), ' bow ', the bow for turning the fire-drill.

G.

gam (Alt.), shaman.

gellung (Kal.), priest.

gicgic or gecgei (Kor.), the fire-board.

Gieholan iKor. ), 'The-One-on-High' ; Gicholetinvilan, 'The- Master on-
High '. Names for the Koryak Supreme Being.

ginon-kanon Chuk.), 'middle crown', a benevolent being residing in
the zenith.

Girgol-vairgin (Chuk.), ' Upper Being '.

gupilin (Chuk.), ' working-man ', slave ; any worker.

II.

haraman or samman ('Tung.), shaman.

harain-bo (Bur.), 'black' shamans.

hetolatirgin (Chuk.), 'one-looking-into', a prophet-shaman.

hobo (Yak), tongueless copper bells suspended from below the collar of

a shaman's coat,
hodohoi tiuser (Yak.), 'the arrival of the match-makeress ' or wife of

the match-maker at the house of the bride's parents.

A a 2



356 GLOSSAEY

hoinohor kasi (Yak.), 'the gift for the night', part of the kalym.
hoku-eikara (Ain.), ' making my husband ', a ceremony performed by

a bride of presenting certain gifts to her husband.
homuB (Yak.), the ' jew's-harp '.



iasso (Gil.), iron links on the shaman's girdle.

ichchi (Yak.), a spirit-' owner '.

ichchylakh C^'ak.), a hereditary blacksmith's tools which have the power

of emitting sounds of themselves.
iik (Alt.), a light-coloured horse sacrificed to the good god Yulgen by

a bridegroom.
ijin (Bur.), an 'owner' or spirit residing in some object,
ike-karagus (Alt.), two black birds, messengers of the shaman to the
shaitans ; part of the ornamentation on the shaman's drum above
the circumferential dividing line,
ilshi or bydek (Bur.), intermediaries between the 'eastern' and the

' western ' khats.
ilhun or elgoi (Kor.), an arrow placed near the hearth at the (Maritime)

wolf- festival.
imu (Ain.), mimicry mania (amurakh).
Inahitelan or Ginagitelan (Kor.), ' Supervisor', a name for the Supreme

Being,
inao (Ain.), fetishes made of wood-shavings.

inenjulan (Kor.), a relative who impersonates the deceased to deceive
the kala into believing that it has not obtained the dead man's
soul.
irbit (Yak.), spoilt, mad.

irkunii (Yuk.), mimicry mania (amurakh). irkei, to shudder,
is (Ost.), shadow.

isi (Vog.), shadow, one of the three parts of a man.
ivn (Gil.), husband (classificatory).



jemi (Ost.), wife.

jido (Bur.), the Phea sibirica.



K.



kabys or komus (Alt.), a two-stringed musical instrument used to

accompany the recital of heroic tales.
kacho (Chern Tart.), a shaman's mask.
kadyk (Bur.), a white cloth attached to an arrow which one of the

turushi sticks in the tenge of the bridegroom's yurta when the

bride is being brought thither.
kala, pi. kalau (Kor.), an evil spirit.

kalan, kamak (Paren Kor.), evil spirits; also guardian spirits.
kalatko urgin (Chuk.), ecstatic shaman,
kaliany (Yak.), mischievous familiar spirit of a shaman,
kalym, cattle, goods, &c., given in payment for a wife,
kam (Tart., Alt.), shaman.
kamui (Ain.), 'he who' or 'that which is of the highest degree of evil

or good', 'he who' or 'that which covers' or 'overshadows'

—a deity.
kamuli (Kam.), evil spirits dwelling in volcanoes and hot springs.



GLOSSARY 357

kan-at-uruta (Yak.), ' blood-and-flesh relationship', refeningto members

of the same clan,
kannus or kvobdas (Lapp), the shaman's drum,
kanoirgin (Chuk.>, 'being a crown', a benevolent being residing in the

zenith,
kanun-kotan, kanun-moshiri (Ain.), the land of the gods,
kara-darkhat (Bur. i, 'eastern' or 'black ' smiths,
kargan Yak.), ' household.'
kasi (Gil.), the drum,
keileni (Yuk. ), ' icd-paint', the menses,
kekhn and kenchkh (Gil.), a shaman's familiar spirits.
kele, pi. kelet (Chuk.), evil spirit, also a shaman's spirit-assistant.
ken kersier (Yak.), ' the race of the youths ', a race on horseback between
a member of the bridal jiarty and one of the bridegroom's friends,
which takes place when the bride is being brought to the bride-
groom's yurta,
kenniki-oyun (Yak.), a ' little shaman '.
ker-khomlakh (Ost.), a black-beetle,
khada-ulan-obbkhod (Bur.), 'old people of the mountain', local

divinities, the souls of deceased shamans and shamanesses.
khadam (Bur.), the name by which a wife addresses her father-in-law

and all the older male relatives of her husband,
khailyga or khailige (Yak.), the custom of sacrificing at a funeral

a horse or cow, the flesh of which is eaten by those present,
khal (Bur.), the final marriage compact,
khal (Gil.), the clan,

khat (Bur.), a benevolent spirit, child of a western tengeri.
khaura-boro (Bur.), three days of mourning for the dead,
kherege-khulke (Bur.), the first consecration ceremony of a shaman.
khese (Bur.), the shaman's drum or his bell,
kheyinar (Gil,j, an elder,
khlay-nivukh (Gil.), an orator or intermediary in the settlement of

blood-feuds by means of thusind (compensation),
kholbokho, khoubokho, or shamshorgo (Bur,), conical iron pendants

attached to a shaman's cap or to the ' horse-staves ',
kholgo (Bur.), a horse consecrated for sacrifice at funerals,
khorbo (Bur.), a shaman's staff,
khoahun (Uriank.), one of the five largest social divisions among the

Tangnu Uriankhai,
khosodabgaliku (Tung.), a marriage ceremony.
khuna (Kirg.j, blood- revenge.
khur (Irkutsk Bur.), the shaman's 'Jew's harp',

khurir (Bur.), prohibition against removing anything from the yurta
for a certain period after the sacrifice to the fire ; called also
serotey,
Kihigilan (Kor.), 'Thunder-Man', a name for the Supreme Being,
kilvei (Chuk.), the antlers ceremony,
kinitti (Yak.j, the custom of avoidance observed by married women with

regard to the older male relatives of their husbands,
kinr or knin (Gil.), a class of evil spirits,
Kinta-vairgin (Chuk,), 'The Luck-Giving Being',
kirik (Bur.;, an occasional private sacrifice,
kimaipu-walin (Chuk.), 'that coming from the old buck (male)', the

paternal line of descent,
kirna-takhalin (Chuk.), an older relative.

kime-tomgin (Chuk.), ' old buck (male) mate ', the paternal line ; an
older relative.



358 GLOSSARY

kirneyicemit-tomgin (Cluik. ), an elder brother-

kittegan (Yak.), the betrothal ceremony.

kiyolhepu-waliri (Chuk.), 'that coming from the uterus ', the maternal

line of descent.
koekchuoh (Kiim.), probably a eunuch possessing shamanistic power,
kojajjoskire (Ain.), 'to make the first advances', said of a woman who

courts a man for husband.
kondei-kyhan (Yak.), rolls of tin fastened to the back of a shaman's

coat.
kongokto (Gil.), small tongueless copper bells on a shaman's girdle,
kongoro (Gil.), rolled iron plates on a shaman's girdle,
konlakhion (Kam.), a kind of grass.
koshogo (Alt.), a screen borne before the bride when she is being taken

to the bridegroom's house.
koska (Gil.), a shaman's apron,
krish (Alt.), a horizontal iron st;iy inside the drum,
kudlivum or adlivum (Esk.), a warm land of plenty in the sky- an

abode of the ^lead.
kulun tyl kurduk (Yak.), a tongue-shaped buckle which fastens the

shaman's coat at the neck,
kun (Yak.), light, day.
kiingeta, kiinasa, kiisana (Yak.), 'sun' (?), 'bell' (?), a disk-shaped

ornament of the shaman's coat.
kungru (Alt.), iron rattles attached to the krish.
kurg-enenilit, kunieh-enenilit (Chuk.), ' mocking ' shamans,— deceitful,

maleficent shamans.
kurraes (Alt.), an image of a god ; called tyn by the Chern Tartars,
kut (Yak.), a soul common to men and animals, and composed of three

parts : buor-kut, ' earth-soul ' ; salgyn-kut, ' air-soul ' ; and iya-kut,

' mother-soul.' Among the Altaians it is a stage or phase of the life

of the soul.
kutiirar (Yak.), a nervous affection characterized by the patient's singing

in his sleep,
kuturuksuta (Yak.), a shaman's assistant.

kyira (Gil.), irregularly shaped pieces of iron on the shaman's girdle,
kys kesit (Yak.), ' gifts of the bride ', food which she takes to the bride-
groom,
kysmrk or kyssk djakko (Gil.), a special knife used for cutting the

umbilical cord.
kyun (Alt.), ' sun ', part of the ornamentations on the shaman's drum

above the circumfex-ential dividing line.
Kyzyl-kikh-khan (Alt.), a deity to wliom one prays when beginning an

undertaking ; represented in symbol on the shaman's drum above

the circumferential dividing line.



latah (Malay), a nervous affection similar to amiirakh.

lepud-oicil (Yuk.), 'blood-anger', blood-revenge.

lepul (Yuk.), ' blood', kinsfolk, including also relatives by affinity.

lili khel mkholas (Ost.), soul.

lot (Gil.), a class of good spirits.

M.

ruacihi (Ain.), 'the wife', said of a bride after the second, or real,

marriage.
malykh (Bur.;, calves as yet unborn.



GLOSSARY 359

nianyak (Alt.), sbanian's coat or the metal pemlaiits on it.

marxin-wolen (Yuk.). 'the price of a girl", said of the custom of
purchasing a bride.

mataliramkin (Chuk.). 'athnity people', relatives by affinity.

mat-eikara (Ain.), ' making my wife ', the presenting by the bridegroom
of certain gifts to his newly-made bride.

niaxeni (Ivor. >, ' arrow ', the fire-drill.

meciecum (Yuk.^ 'a washing', ceremonial smearing with reindeer's
blood of a bride before she is taken to her husband's house.

raenerik (Yak.), a nervous affection in which the patient is affiicted with
spasms, falls into a trance, howls, sings or dances— this being some-
times followed by an epileptoid seizure.

menkeiti (Kor.), mimicr}- mania (amiirakh).

menkva (Vog.). secondary ' dark ' spirits.

mif (Gil.), the earth : the island of Sakhalin.

milk (Gil.), a class of evil spirits.

mlyro (Gil. ), the habitation of the dead.

morini-Ilhorbo (Bur.), 'horse-staves.'

mu-shu-bu (Bur. I, 'malicious bird', the evil-working transformed soul
of a girl or young woman.

[Prometheus]

mygdat-yako (Ost.), commoners.

N.

Naininen (Kor.), ' Universe ', ' World ', ' Outer One ', a name for the

Supreme Being.
Narginen (Chuk.), 'The Outer One', the world, vaguely conceived as

a beneficent being,
nasleg (Yak.), a social group comprising from one to thirty or more

clans,
nauchin (Chuk.), a female captive-slave.

naundoiirgin (Chuk.), ' for wife herdsman being', serving for a wife.
naunyan (Tung.), 'possessed by evil spirits', said of a nervous affection

similar to raenerik.
nayani (Tung.), a nervous affection similar to kutiirar.
naydji (Bur.), 'friend', said of the relationship between a shaman and

the parents whose child he undertakes to protect from evil spirits,
nenveticnin or ninvit (Kor.), evil spirits.

ne uehica (Chuk.), 'similar to a woman', said of a ' transformed' man-
shaman,
neusqat (Chuk.), woman,
newew girkin (Chuk.j, 'thou askest for a wife', said of the preliminary

negotiations for a bride made by the matchmaker,
new-tumgit (Chuk.), 'companions in wives', members of a group having

common rights in each other's wives.
nexiyini (Yuk.j, 'they are bashful (in the presence) of each other', said

of the custom of avoidance.
nimeleu qatvanvota (Kor.), ' hail ! ' ' be well ! '
nimeleu qatvarkin (Chuk.), ' be well ! ' a bride's salutation to her

husband's hearth.
nim-tungit (Chuk.), 'camp-companions ' — inhabitants of the tents in

a Reindeer Chukchee encampment other than those living in the

'front tent',
ninirkilqin (Chuk.), 'he is bashful', said of shamans to express their

extreme nervous sensibility,
noyda (Lapp), shaman,
nusa (Ain.), a cluster of kema-ush-inao (legged inao), set up by the

water as a sacrifice to the water-gods.



860 GLOSSARY

0.

odakh (Alt.), a temporary yurta built for a newly-married couple.

odyr (Vog.), a hero.

ocitkolin (Clink.), ' giving answering calls ', the assistant of a shaman.

ogonyor (Yak.), elders.

ogurda, ogurta, gurta (Uriank.). the head of a khoshun.

oibon-kiinga or oibon-kiinasata (Yak.), ' hole-in-the-ice sun', a disk-
shaped ornament on the shaman's coat.

oiogos timiria (Yak.), metal plates fastened to the right and left sides of
a shaman's coat.

oktorgo (Bur.), the night-sky.

olan (Tung.), mimiciy mania (amiirakh).

olongho (Yak.), ancient poems or folk-ballads.

ongon (Mong.), a fetish in which the soul of an ancestor is worshipped.

ongon (Bur.), a fetish representing either 'black ' or 'white' spirits.

opana (Kam.), soup made from fish and a plant called hale.

orda, old name for the larger social groups among the Turkic tribes.

orgoy (Bur.), the shaman's coat— white for a 'white' shaman, blue for
a ' black.'

ort (Ost.), a male slave ; ort-nen, a female slave.

orto-oyun (Yak.), a 'middling shaman'.

ot-imeze (Alt.), ' mother of the fire ', represented in symbol on the
shaman's drum below the circumferential dividing line.

ouokh. (Yak.), a resting-place for a shaman in his journey through the
sky.

oyeye (Bur.), one of the three parts of a man— the body.

oyokh (Yak.), a wife.



pacil (Kor.), ceremonies held in celebration of a birth.

pal (Gil.), mountain ; spirit-' owner ' of the mountain.

palma (Tung.), a long knife with a wooden handle.

pandf (Gil.), name used Uy a clan for another with which it has marital

ties.
parchis (Vot.), secondaiy priest appointed by the tuno.
pellaskis (Vot.), sorcerer,
peninelau (Kor.), 'ancient people', the dead.
penzer (Sam.), the shaman's drum,
pet-ru-ush mat (Ain.), ' females of the water-ways ', female deities who

have oversight of all streams.
po (Yuk.), ' worker ', slave.
pogil (Yuk.), persons who serve or are served for a bride, a relationship

term,
pogilonu (Yuk.), to serve for a bride.
polutpe (Yuk.), 'old men', oldest repi'esentatives of different families

constituting a sort of council.
problokto (Esk.), a nervous afl^ection somewhat resembling menerik.
pu (Gil.), husband (classificatory).

pura (Alt.), the soul of a horse sacrificed to Bai Yulgen.
purel (Chuk.), a male captive slave.



qacikicheca (Chuk.), ' similar to a man ', said of a ' transformed ' woman-
shaman,

qaitumntn yeti (Kor.), 'a relative has come' — the formula used by
a father in announcing the birth of his child.



GLOSSARY 361

qavau (Kor.), ' transfoniied ' men.

Qoren-vairgin (Chulc), 'Reindeer Being', the tutelary spirit of the

reindeer herds.
Qiiikinnaqu or Kutkinnaku (Kor.), ' Big Raven', the organizer of the

universe.

R.

raff (Gil.), a shed built to receive the ashes of the dead.

ra-i-oman (Ain.), ' to go to the lower place', to die.

rayirin (Chuk.), ' houseful ', ' those in the house ', household.

rekken, pi. rekkenit (Chuk.), a spirit ' assistant' of the shaman ; part ot

the ornamentation of the shaman's coat representing this spirit ;

the Maritime name for a kele,
ruf (Gil.), brother (classificatory).
rynchi (Alt.), persons able to foretell events.

S.

sagan-bo (Bur.), ' white' shamans.

sagani-khordut (Bur.), lesser deities.

sagan-sara (Mong. ), 'white-month', the autumn festival.

saiba (Yak.), a platform on two posts on which dead bodies, especially
those of shamans, were exposed.

sakiikh bayuga (Bur.), a shaman's first visit to the dwelling of the
people with whom he is to be naydji.

salamata (Yak.), meal cooked with butter.

saman (Manchui, 'one who is moved ',' exalted ',' excited' — a shaman
(so pi'onounced by some Tungusic tribes).

samana (Pali), to become weary.

samburzia (Sam.), the tadibey's (shaman's) coat.

samdambi (Manchu), ' 1 shamanize.'

same-nabma (Lapp), the ceremony of naming a child.

sangyiah (Yak.), the woman's coat.

satini-burkhat (Bur.), tutelary spirits of tea- planting.

seok (Alt.), 'bones', 'generation', clan.

ser (Uriank.), a raised platform on which the corpse of one struck by
lightning is exposed.

serge (Bur.), 'posts', birch-trees planted at a shaman's consecration.

sesen or sekhen (Yak.), an adviser, a sage.

setertey (Mong.), the custom of dedicating an animal to an ongon, and
the taboo which forbids the use of such an animal for heavy work.

shagund (Gil.), certain articles reckoned as private property.

shaitan, almys, khawa, kuremes (Chern Tart.), names for evil spirits.

shaku (Jap.), vaginismus.

shaytan (Mong.j, 'black' spirit.

shelenga (Bur.), the head of a clan as organized by the Russian adminis-
tration.

shinnurappa (Ain.), 'libation-dropping', part of the ceremonial of
ancestor-worship.

shire (Bur.), shaman's chest containing certain ceremonial accessories.

shirlikb (Alt.), prohibition against removing anything from the yurta
in which a dead body is lying.

shram (Sanskr.), to become weary.

shramana (Sanskr.), a hermit, ascetic, religious mendicant.

sinnakh khongoruta (Yak.), 'they have given their word '—the conclu-
sion of the marriage compact.

sijrnyin (Alt.), ' girl ', a younger sistei-.



362 GLOSSARY

sorkhoho (Bur.), 'to commit sin', applied to the custom of avoidance,
souban-ir (Alt.), 'aurora'- the dawn (or the aurora horealis); part of

the ornamentation of the shaman's drum above the circumferential

dividing line,
sugyznym-karagat (Alt.), the horses of the high god Ulu-khan ; part of

the ornamentation on the shaman's drum above the circumferential

dividing line,
sumyn (Uiiank.), subdivision of a khoshun. Probabl}- a clan,
siine (Alt.), a soul peculiar to man, his intellect,
sunyesun (Bur.), one of the two souls of a man ; it is peculiar to man,

and is reincarnated in human form.
siir (Yak.), one of the three souls of man.
siir (Alt.), the soul which separates from a man at his death,
surge (Yak.), the tree to which the animal dedicated at a funeral is

tied,
suwu (sulu) (Yak.), the part of the kalym paid to the parents of the

bride,
suzy (Alt.), the strcagth or vitality of a man or animal, one of his souls,
sygan (Yak.), a relative nine times removed.



tabytaua (Yak.), plates fastened to the sleeves of a shaman's coat.

tadebtzy (Sam. and Vog.), spirits.

tadibey (Sam.), shaman.

tagaun (Tung.), clan.

tahe (Ost.), ' man', husband.

tailgan (Bui-.), 'the asking ceremony', a periodical communal

sacri6ce.
takalhin (Chuk.), ' brace-comijanion ', wife's sister's husband,
tanara (Yak.), ' protector ', said of the shaman's coat and the symbolic

ornamentation on it ;' household 'guardians'; charms; its modern

significance includes heaven, the Christian God, and ikons.
tano-mnalin (Chuk.), ' fortifier ', one who performs certain ceremonies to

countei-act the evil influence of the spirit of a deceased person,
tapty (Alt.), ' steps ' or notches, nine in number, cut in a birch trunk to

symbolize the stages of the shaman's ascent to the ninth heaven at

the sacrifice to Bai-Yulgen.
tarasvm (Bur. i, wine or milk.
tay (Alt.), uncle (maternal), said of clansmen older than the speaker and

related to him through his mother,
taysha (Bur.), the head of a (Russian) a-dministrative group comprising

several clans.
tei-nei-pokna-moshiri (Ain.), ' the wet underground place ' of departed

spirits,
tenci-ronulin (Chuk.), 'well-minded' shamans,
tenge (Bur. i, a jiartition which shuts off the sleeping-place from the

hearth,
tenge (Alt.), aunt, applied to clanswomen older than the speaker,
tengeri or tengeriny (Bur.), highest supernatural beings,
tea bazin-yat (Alt.), 'the ancestor (spirit), leaps upon, strangles him',

said of the shamanistic call coming to the descendant of a sharaanist

family,
tetkeyun (Chuk.), 'source of life', blood, vital force; represented in

symbol on the shaman's coat,
tey (Ost.). a male slave.
tey-nen (Ost), a female slave.



GLOSSARY 363

thusind (Oil.), mnsom or compensation jiaitl in lieu of Mood-revenge,
tiungnur tiuser (Yak.), 'the arrival of the niateh-niaker ' at the house of

the briile's parents ; tiungnur hodohoi tiuser, ' the arrival of the

uiatehuiaker and uiateh-uiakeress ', i. e., the bringing of the bride by

her parents to the bridegroom's house.
tlo (Gil.), the habitation in the sky of those who have died a violent

death,
tly-nivukh (Gil.), gods of the sky.
tol (Gil.), the sea; spirit-" owner ' of the sea.
tole (Bur.), a mirror of metal on the breast of the shaman's coat.
tole (Gil.), a copper disk hanging from the shaman's girdle.
tomgin (Chuk.), 'companion', 'mate', 'kinsman'.
tonto (Lapp), spirit,
tordo (Yak.), ' origin ', ' root '.

tore (Vot.), a secondary priest appointed by the tuno.
totaino rkinc (Chuk.), said of a certain peculiar deformity of the penis,
toyon (Y'ak. I, lord.
tula (Alt.), a soul peculiar to man.
tiingur (Alt., Soiot, Karagas), the shaman's drum,
tuno (Vot.), the chief shaman,
tiiniir, tungiir, diiniir (Yak.), the shaman's drum. Tiiniir also means

kinship by marriage.
tiiniirattar (Yak.), match-making.
turene nitvillin (Chuk.), 'the newly-inspired one', a shaman in his

novitiate.
turushi (Bur.), a group of horsemen accompanying a bride,
tusakta (Yak.), a woman's cap.
tuvn (Gil.), sister (classificatory).
tyn (Yak.), 'life ', ' breath ' ; a soul common to men, animals, and plants.

U.

uchchi (Vog.), malicious spirits dwelling in the forest.

udege (Tart.), ' housewife ', ' wife ' ; also female shaman.

uicil (Yuk.), a hired labourer.

uiritak (Ain.), 'distant relatives', ' brethren brought in ' — men married

into families not of their own village.
uiriwak (Ain.), 'blood-relatives', ' brethren '- men who take wives from

their own village.
\ikhan-budla (Bur. i, a ceremony performed by a shaman to celebrate

the birth of a child,
ukher-ezy (Bur.), souls of evildoers who have died by violence.
ukoreske maci (Ain.), a girl betrothed to a man of about her own age.
ulahan-oyun (Yak.), a ' great shaman '.
Ulgere (Alt.), a deity to whom prayers are offered for the curing of

earache and toothache ; represented in symbol on the shaman's

drum below the circumferential dividing line.
ulug-bai-kazyn (Alt.), two trees growing in the high god Ulu-khan'.s

country ; part of the ornamentation on the shaman's drum below the

circumferential dividing line.
ulus (Y'ak.), a group comprising several naslegs.
umgu genycli (Gil.), ' buying a wife'.
unpener (Chuk.), 'the pole-stuck star', the pole star, which is considered

to be a benevolent being,
uos assar (Yak.), ' the opening of the mouth ', the part of the kalym

paid at the beginning of negotiations for a wife,
urdla nivukh (Gil.), ' good and rich one ', unofficial leader of a clan.



364 GLOSSARY

urif (Gil.), a class of good spirits.

uru (Yak.), ' wedding ', ' relationship by marriage ', relationship.

urui (Yak.), 'hurrah.'

urus-sara (Mong.), ' the month of sara', the spring festival.

useten (Bur.), an ongon prepared for a woman who desires a ehild.

Usui (Yak.), to train a shaman, to consecrate a shaman.

utakan (Tung.), sorcerer, cannibal.

utka (Bur.j, 'descent', 'genealogy'; a term connoting shamanistic

power,
utygan (Tart.), bear.

uvirit or uvekkirgin (Chuk.), ' belonging to the body ', the soul,
uyicit or uyirit (Kor.), the chief soul of man.



Vahiynin (Kor.), ' existence ', ' strength ', a name for the Supreme

Being,
vairgin, pi. vairgit (Chuk.), 'beings', benevolent supernatuml beings;

taaronyo vairgit, benevolent ' beings sacrificed to '.
varat (Chuk.), 'collection of those who are together'— a social body

resembling a clan, enan-varatken, ' one of the same varat.'
vata itilin (Chuk.), 'continuous dweller', a son-in-law adopted into his

?wife's family.
vedin (Vot.j, a sorcerer.
viyolin, pi. viyolet (Chuk.), 'assistants'; sometimes applied to spirits

supposed to be assistants of certain supernatural beings ; slaves.

W.

wuyil-wuyil (Kor.), 'shadow', one of the minor souls of man.
wuyivi (Kor.), ' breathing !, one of the minor souls of man.

X.

xoil (Yuk.), an ' idol ' formed of the skull of a shaman placed on top of
a stick.



yada-tash (Alt.), a stone by means of which the weather can be con-
trolled.

yaelhepu-walin (Chuk.), that coming from the penis — the paternal line
of descent.

yagan (Bur.), ancient name for the clan.

yahalanu (Kor.), ' cloud people.'

yalgil (Y'uk. ), 'lake', the drum.

yangpa (Gil.), the shaman's girdle.

yanra-naw (Chuk.), 'separate woman', an unmarried woman.

yanra varat (Chuk.), 'separate tribe' — the spirits of intoxicating mush-
rooms.

Yaqhicnin (Caqhicnin, Vahicnin, Vahitnin) (Chuk.), 'something
existing', a name for the Supreme Being.

yara-tomgit (Chuk.), 'housemates.'

yara-vairgit (Chuk.), 'house-beings', the tutelary spirits of the house.

yauasua (yalama) (Alt.), strips of bright-coloured material fastened
inside the drum.

yayai (Kor.), the drum.



GLOSSARY 365

ye (Yak.X 'womb', 'embryo', mother.

yekyna (Yak.), ' mother-animar, a shaman's familiar spirit.

yendo iennt ya etei (Yuk. ), singing in one's sleep, a nervous affection

similar to kutiirar.
yep ayaakeleu (Chuk.), 'not j'et put in use', an expression probably

equivalent to ' girl '.
ye-usa (Yak.), 'mother-clan.'
yirka-laul-vairgin (Chuk.), 'soft-man-being', said of the so-called

' change of sex ' among shamans,
ymgi (Gil.), clan of a son-in-law.
ymk (Gil.), mother (classificatory).
yokh (Gil.), said of a woman with whom, as not being of the speaker's

mother's clan, sexual intercourse is forbidden.
yor (Yak.), the soul of a deceased person which is unable to leave the

earth,
ys I Gil.), the spiritr' owner' of an animal,
ysyakh (Yak.), a sacrificial festival,
ytk (Gil.), father (classificatory).
ytk-khavrnd (Gil.), 'without father', said of one whose father is not

known, or whose mother has married a man not of the correct

marital class.
3rurta, the tent-like dwelling in use among the Turkic tribes.
yz (Gil.), ' host ', the unofficial leader of a clan.

Z.

zayan (Bur.), the spirit of an ancestor whose memory is honoured by
sacrifices ; a god.